Physical drivers such as wind and currents determine the likelihood of marine vertebrate distribution but the consequence is better food security for people. This process is illustrated by the case of Oceanic Manta Ray abundance in Raja Ampat.
During El Niño, the Indonesian Through Flow strengthens. What the authors of the above paper didn’t realise is that 2015 was also a positive IOD year. This will have massively increased the intensity of upwelling along the continental shelf margins south of the island of Misool. As a result, the paper shows that manta ray abundance increased by several hundred-fold. (During the positive IOD in 2019, manta rays were also very abundant off Jerief in Raja Ampat, based on my own personal observations).
Coral reefs are non-mobile and micro-organisms such as algae and planktonA soup of micro-organisms. Usually refers to all the zooplankton and algae in the ocean but can also be used to describe tiny insects in the atmosphere (see aerial plankton). More can become significant sources of pollution if they emerge in large-enough quantities. If El Niño and positive IOD years increase in frequency, aggregations of marine vertebrates such as manta rays, become critical to ecosystemHow ecosystems function An ecosystem is a community of lifeforms that interact in such an optimal way that how ecosystems function best, is when all components (including humans and other animals) can persist and live alongside each other for the longest time possible. Ecosystems are fuelled by the energy created by plants (primary producers) that convert the Sun's heat energy More stability–that’s another way of saying “resilience”.
Because marine vertebrates are mobile, they respond by changing their distribution. The increase in manta rays is a response to increased nutrientsEnergy and nutrients are the same thing. Plants capture energy from the Sun and store it in chemicals, via the process of photosynthesis. The excess greenery and waste that plants create, contain chemicals that animals can eat, in order to build their own bodies and reproduce. When a chemical is used this way, we call it a nutrient. As we More and without them, die-off of plankton and algae, would result in increased surplus nutrientA substance that contains the raw materials for life. At a chemical level, these are contained inside compounds that are absorbed into the body and essential energy-containing molecules are extracted, so that energy can be transformed into other chemical processes that use the energy for living. More landing on coral reefs. Increased nutrient loads result in decreased coral diversity and reduced overall fish biomassThe weight of living organisms. Biomass can be measured in relation to the amount of carbon, the dry weight (with all moisture removed) or living weight. In general it can be used to describe the volume of energy that is contained inside systems, as the size of animals relates to their metabolism and therefore, how much energy they contain and More, leading to reduced food security for local people.
So this is one clear example of how biodiversityWhat is the definition of biodiversity? When we ask, what is the definition of biodiversity? It depends on what we want to do with it. The term is widely and commonly misused, leading to significant misinterpretation of the importance of how animals function on Earth and why they matter a great deal, to human survival. Here I will try to More works and how animals are the critical mechanism in ocean-coupled climate and food-security processes.
ConservationWhy is animal conservation important? Animal conservation is important, because animals are the only mechanism to create biodiversity, which is the mechanism that creates a habitable planet for humans. Without animals, the energy from today’s plants (algae, trees, flowers etc) will eventually reach the atmosphere and ocean, much of it as carbon. The quantity of this plant-based waste is so More of manta rays needs to be part of Indonesia’s food security strategy.
Beale, C., et al., Population dynamics of oceanic manta rays (Mobula birostris) in the Raja Ampat Archipelago, West Papua, Indonesia, and the impacts of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation on their movement ecology. Diversity and Distributions, 2019.
