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Is sea turtle civilisation the oldest in Europe?

by simon

This week, a paper appeared in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences journal (de Kock et al 2023) [1]. The researchers found that generations of turtles had been using the same seagrass beds for thousands of years. It’s one of the few times scientists have referenced the long-term, ecosystem-linked behaviour of any animals. It’s gratifying to read the summary’s opening line. It says that: ‘the persistence of most species and their key habitats is intimately tied together.’ It’s becoming more common for scientists to appreciate the importance of animal impact. The study led me to ponder, is sea turtle civilisation the oldest in Europe?

Is sea turtle civilisation the oldest in Europe? Wildlife Conservation Artwork.Green Turtle, Drawing by Simon Mustoe

Green turtles live for a hundred years and drag their heavy bodies onto land to lay eggs. They epitomise the slow pace and indefatigable effort and tolerance an animal needs to be the most likely to survive for millions of years. For this reason, turtles might be among the animals most likely to outlive the human race. There is still time left for us to learn from their good behaviour. Drawing by Simon Mustoe

Civilisation doesn’t mean survival

Of course I use the word ‘civilisation’ loosely. National Geographic defines civilisation as: ‘a complex way of life characterised by urban areas, shared methods of communication, administrative infrastructure, and division of labour.’

But this is a rather colonial definition. Australian First Nations people would certainly object to this definition. Their civilisation has lasted for 65,000 years and was not characterised by ‘urban areas.’

Even where turtles are concerned, communication and division of labour apply. Both are facets of any animal culture that is likely to survive. We grossly underestimate the significance of culture, cooperation and the way animals share knowledge with each other. This has tainted our attitude to wildlife.

Calling turtle habitat civilisation may be drawing a long bow but if we consider ‘civilised’ to mean, equitable, long-lasting, stable and occupying one place, then modern sea turtles have enjoyed a very civilised existence. In contrast, our civilisations don’t survive well at all. Sea turtles have, after all, been around for 110 million years.

The longest-lasting known human civilisation in Europe was the Minoan, which lasted about 2,000 years. The Romans lasted fewer than 500 years. The palace of Westminster has only been the UK centre of power for about 900 years. The oldest animal civilisations tend to last a lot longer and European sea turtles have managed cooperation for over 3,000 years.

Animals build their own ecosystems to survive in

As I describe in my book Wildlife in the Balance, it is a trait of all animals, individually, to constantly destroy and rebuild their environment to suit their survival.

It can only be this way. Green turtles eat seagrass. If in doing so they didn’t create more seagrass, then they would go extinct. These simple truths are somehow missing from our interpretation of wildlife. We have vaguely learnt to consider our impact on turtles. But we fail to recognise the enormous and consequential impact they have on the ecosystems we need for our own life support.

A Green Turtle munches algae off coral rubble. Abundant turtles contribute to the survival of fragile ecosystems. Photo by Simon Mustoe.

Seagrass is essential to life on Earth. You couldn’t be here without it. It fuels coastal ecosystems, protects us from the sea and is a breeding ground for the majority of fish we eat. Commercial fisheries underpin whole economies. The coastal towns you holiday at were even built around fisheries and seagrass. The cumulative total of animal impact and the stability it forms, stabilises climate. Climate is the ‘grand final’ of animal impact. Its the ticker-tape parade and festival that signifies the combined successes of all animals working together. That includes us.

Without turtles grazing seagrass, along with the nutrient transfer, concentration and amplification processes they create, it couldn’t exist. We couldn’t exist.

Animals are not the icing on the cake

Seagrass, like all plants, ferociously sucks energy from the Sun. Left to its devices, it overwhelms the ecosystem with damaging surplus energy as waste. Plants, without animals, collapse ecosystems. This has even led to a mass extinction in the distant past.

The UK’s Alan Titchmarsh from the popular show Gardener’s World was quoted in The Independent Newspaper this week, saying:

‘Rewilding does not increase plant diversity’ adding ‘that wildlife is “adaptable” and can learn quickly what plants are of value, no matter where they come from.’

Titchmarsh is talking about gardens, which often have little to do with ecosystems. The premise, however, is that animals rely on plants, whereas the opposite is the case. It’s a very common misunderstanding, even among conservationists. This leads to all manner of inappropriate intervention. It erodes stability and once again, explains why our civilisations don’t last very long.

Animals are not the icing on the cake. The vast majority of the world’s human population, gardens to grow food. For that, you need animals.

Learning from sea turtles

Learning to be better animals means observing nature and interpreting the natural world. Science is slow to catch up with the wisdom of what Indigenous cultures have known forever. But it’s heartening to see recognition of animal impact begin to commonly emerge in the scientific discourse.

I would add that the researchers’ final statement needs some extra thought. They say: ‘Our results validate this concept and open the possibility of its application to other species, facilitating species management, thus informing biodiversity conservation.’

What they’ve stumbled across, in actual fact, is evidence of the very reason why conservation is essential. Far from being applied to ‘other species’, the application is to all species combined. For it is the combination of actions of animals working together that maintains healthy ecosystems. We cannot ‘manage’ the animals in this, we can only manage our own behaviour.

This is the risk of mis-intervention. We fail by trying to do too much, by forcing change on complex systems we don’t understand and cannot control.

Stop fiddling and let nature work

For Europeans, each time one of our civilisations fails, we start again. This constant disruption leads to inevitable hardship and uncertainty for us all.

We’ve taken the worst of this behaviour and focused modern politics around it. Today we foment political chaos to enable short-term power grabs and change. It’s the antithesis of how ecosystems function and therefore, it cannot survive. It might even explain today, why we have significant rising cost of living and escalating environmental uncertainty.

The only difference between turtles and modern Europeans, is turtles are a lot better at surviving. The ecosystems they create for themselves stabilised under their activity. They have subsequently supported the same turtle lifestyles for millennia. This is a lot longer than any western civilisation has ever managed to last.

As we allow any wildlife populations to decline we lose the benefit they play in our own survival. But we lose something else too. We lose the ability to understand how we need to behave. We would all be better off for that extra bit of wisdom that we get from animals.

References

  1. de Kock W, Mackie M, Ramsøe M, Allentoft ME, Broderick AC, Haywood JC, Godley BJ, Snape RTE, Bradshaw PJ, Genz H, von Tersch M, Dee MW, Palsbøll PJ, Alexander M, Taurozzi AJ, Çakırlar C. Threatened North African seagrass meadows have supported green turtle populations for millennia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2023 Jul 25;120(30):e2220747120. doi: 10.1073/pnas.2220747120. Epub 2023 Jul 17. PMID: 37459551.
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